CRIMEAN–CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER OUTBREAK IN BAGHDAD AL-KARKH HOSPITALS, IRAQ (2022–2024)
Abstract
Abstract:
Background: Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe viral zoonotic disease transmitted primarily through Hyalomma ticks or contact with infected animal tissues or blood. It is endemic in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and Asia, including Iraq, and carries a case fatality rate (CFR) ranging from 10–40%.
Aim: To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiological, sociodemographic, and clinical characteristics of CCHF cases admitted to hospitals in Baghdad Al‑Karkh, Iraq, during 2022–2024, and to identify risk factors influencing transmission and outcomes.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted among all patients admitted to isolation wards with clinical evidence of CCHF in Baghdad Al‑Karkh hospitals from 2022 to 2024. Case definitions followed national and WHO guidelines. Data included demographics, clinical presentation, exposure history, laboratory confirmation, and outcomes.
Results: A total of 217 CCHF cases were admitted during the study period: 51 (23.5%) confirmed, 109 (50.2%) suspected, and 57(26.3%) probable. Eleven deaths were recorded case fatality rate was (CFR 7.8%). The infection fatality rate (IFR) was 5 %, and prevalence was 5 per 100,000 population. Males constituted 59% of cases. Most patients (60%) were from urban areas, and 78% of cases occurred during the summer months—especially May to July. Fever (41%), joint pain (17%), and vomiting (12%) were the most common symptoms, while 19% experienced bleeding manifestations. Most affected patients (42%) were aged 45–65 years.
Conclusion: The 2022–2024 CCHF outbreak in Iraq represents the largest resurgence since 1979. Baghdad Al‑Karkh reported significant numbers, though less than southern provinces. Male adults aged 45-65 years were the most affected, largely due to increased exposure to animals, raw meat, and slaughtering activities. Improved awareness and infection control practices in 2024 contributed to better detection and management. Strengthened surveillance and tick‑control programs are essential to prevent future outbreaks.
